Jean Piaget free essay sample

Jean Piaget was a theorist who studied child development; one of the many aspects of early childhood Piaget studied was preoperational thinking. Preoperational thinking usually occurs from ages 2 through 7 according to Piaget. It’s when a child is not able to think logically and perform activities that require logic. In other words, a child is not yet ready at this stage, to reason many situations. Piaget created many experiments that could help educators observe and detect the stages and levels of thinking of different children. For this observation, I focused on four aspects of preoperational thinking; conservation, centration, irreversible thinking, and focus on appearance. Piaget developed a set of tests for children that if failed, would demonstrate a child’s inability to think logically at their age. I observed six year old Breanna Nixon who demonstrated signs of both the preoperational stage (not being able to understand concrete logic) and the concrete operational stage (inductive logic). We will write a custom essay sample on Jean Piaget or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first experiment I did with Breanna tested her irreversible thinking, which is the inability to hold the logic to understand that reversing a procedure will restore it to the original state in which it begun, â€Å"Preoperational thinkers fail to recognize that reversing a process sometimes restores whatever excised before†. (Berger, 2009, p. 250) In this experiment, I presented Breanna with two equal sized cups of water with the same amount of water in each. I then asked, ‘Breanna, are these cups equal? Do they have the same amount of water? † Breanna said yes after she checked the cups and we proceeded to the next question. I showed her a taller glass and asked, â€Å"Can you pour one of these cups into this one? † She poured one of the cups into the taller glass and then I asked â€Å"Now what do you think? Does this cup have more water? (The smaller glass) Or does this one have more water? (The taller glass) Or do they hold the same about of water? † Breanna quickly said, â€Å"The tall glass has more† I asked why and she responded, â€Å"Well this tall glass is higher and the water is higher than in the small glass† It is evident that this six year old girl has not yet understood the concept of reversing occurrences, however since she is 6, she is close to understanding. The next experiment covers the concept of centration. Centration is also referred to as egocentrism. This concept is literally being egocentric. A child at this stage only understands their own perception and point of view of things. â€Å"Centration is the tendency to focus on one aspect of the situation to the exclusion of others. † (Berger, 2009, p. 250) In this experiment I placed a doll facing Breanna and I, and a block behind the doll. I asked Breanna what it was that she saw placed on the table, and she answered â€Å" A doll and a block†, then I asked her, â€Å"Can the doll see the block? Breanna said, â€Å"No, she cant see the block because she’s facing us. She needs to turn around if she wants to look at the block. † Breanna is past the stage of being egocentric. As she gets older, she is able to understand different point of views. Understanding conservation means understanding that the amount of a substance is conserved even if its shape cha nges.

Death Penalty Essays - Penology, Free Essays, Term Papers

Death Penalty Essays - Penology, Free Essays, Term Papers Death Penalty Death Penalty One of the most controversial issues the United States has repeatedly dealt with in recent memory has been the institution of the death penalty. Now, the decision whether to implement the death penalty is a state level verdict which of course creates nationwide disagreement along with some level of social unrest. The two stances on this subject are rather black and white, either pro-death penalty or con- death penalty. The most effective form of implementation however is con- death penalty for a variety of reasons including; suspected targeting of racial minorities, government's right to take a life, as well as American citizens falling victim to cruel and unusual punishment. There are basically two sides in the issue of targeting racial minorities, those who agree that minorities are being targeted and those who agree that they simply commit the majority of crimes in the United States. In the year 2007, African Americans accounted for approximately 13 percent of the entire population yet, nearly 50 percent of those on death row were African American (NAACP). Those numbers are irrefutable regardless of your stance on the issue. The conclusion will be identical, African Americans, in proportion to their population, commit more crimes than racial majorities, specifically White Caucasians, in proportion to their population (Peffley, Hurwitz, 1002). The moral dilemma that ensues is of course whether blacks are unjustly placed on death row simply because of their race or if the crimes they commit are especially heinous and/or abundant. Another problem that must be addressed is poverty's role in the spread of crime and in-turn the use of the death penalty. Now, poverty breeds crime, and across America, blacks as well as other minorities, are commonly impoverished which in many cases leads them into a life of crime. American support of the death penalty has swayed throughout the 20th century, but has generally remained strong, peaking at around 80 percent support in 1994 (Soss, Langbin, Metelko, 403). However due to racial disparities in the 21st century, support has gradually declined to 68 percent in 2002 (Soss, Langbin, Metelko, 404). America ranked 5th in the world in number of executions in the year 2009, killing 52 convicts and with nearly half of them being African American, the argument for racial targeting to arise again was inevitable and a decline in the support of the death penalty can be expected (Soss, Langbin, Metelko, 412). The most powerful and influential nation in the world should by no means support nor implement such primitive actions such as the executions of human beings. There is no doubt that blacks and other minor ities are more readily put on death row and the controversy as to why that is will be a prominent issue in the U.S. for years to come. What gives the government the right to take a life? Why must America fall victim to some kind of moral hierarchy? Nowhere in the American constitution does it grant the government the right to decide on a human being's fate. Nowhere does it state that those in the government are superior beings blessed with some sort of Mandate of Heaven. So why are government officials deciding on whether an American Citizen lives or dies? The key deciding factor in seeking the death penalty for a suspect being tried is heavily qualitative and somewhat trivial. If the crime committed appears to be extremely grotesque and barbaric such as cannibalism or rape, the court may seek the death penalty solely on the premise that the crime was repulsive and/or inhumane ( in their eyes). For example, a few years ago in the serial killing sniper case of John Allen Muhammad and Lee Boyd Malvo, Allen who was in his mid-40's was sentenced to death because of his rampant killings across numerous states. His accomp lice, Malvo, was underage but the prosecutor still sought the death penalty for his part in the killings. Despite the fact that he was merely a boy the justice system wanted to see him dead, now that is not to dismiss his actions or pardon them, but the pure aesthetic evidence in that case led the system to seek death for a boy (Morse, B.5). The final decisions in

Self reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Self reflection - Essay Example I observed that choosing the appropriate equipment for would care and explaining the necessity of such a task to the patients took a long time but interesting. It is quite helpful to be aware of the determinants of health as far as the 3EB patients are concerned: I spend some time identifying the socio-economic factors that may affect the quality of nursing treatment they received. I also looked at their physical environments and their personality/characteristics in order to determine the appropriate nursing attention that would be of utmost usefulness to them. I worked hard on my communication skill as I gently prodded the patients to voice out their concerns. I was able to achieve some success in this regard because I showed absolute interest in the patients and expressed my willingness to help them by actively listening to their health-related complaints (Thomas & Pollio, 2002). I adjusted my tone to the patients’ so as to win their hearts and trust. In the course of this process, I was able to quickly pass their requirements to other health officials that were directly connected to their treatment. I realized that the individual factors could either hinder or assist the smooth application of clinical treatment on the patients (Thomas & Pollio, 2002). If I have decided to be selfish and uncaring, the patient would be reluctant to communicate with me. But since both the patient and I felt the individual responsibility to communicate meaningfully, it was possible to elicit vital information that would help the patient to recover. I reckoned that the bulk of nursing activities I carried out at 3 EB required that I first of all paid serious attention to the patients’ needs, and then mapped out my solutions to whatever health problems using my mini care plan. This involved collective action from both the patient and I: I was ready to help, and the patient was ready to be submissive to my care. I also learned about the importance of time management and

International business news Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

International business news - Article Example Low economic growth in US will affect interest rates and exports earnings (CBC 2012). On the other hand, the problem of the emerging markets like china is inflation. Canada should therefore review its policies and increase its trading with the emerging markets to record stable performance and fiscal performance. The article also further explains the impact of fiscal slippage on interests rates. Canada must thus ensure that it shields its financial market from the risk of recording increasing interest rates as this would reduce rate of investment and reduce economic performance. The lack of fiscal stability in the developed nations would affect other economies. The final section of the article contains the how Canada should enter into trading partnership with the growing economies. Canada’s share of exports to these emerging markets has reduced by 50% and this calls for urgent need to increase its exports to exploit the growing demand (CBC 2012). The article recommends that Canada require concerted efforts to develop trade with the emerging economies to maintain its fiscal stability and earnings from efforts. Canada business should also improve on the competitiveness; look for new suppliers in order to maintain stability in the volatile economy. In summary, the article raises concern over the increasing fiscal instability of the leading economies on Canada economic stability and recommends increased trading with the emerging markets. High global debt will impact Canada: Carney - Business - CBC News. (n.d.). CBC.ca - Canadian News Sports Entertainment Kids Docs Radio TV. Retrieved March 21, 2012, from

Democratic or Undemocratic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Democratic or Undemocratic - Essay Example 46). In layman’s terms, the government is mandated, among other functions, to regulate commerce and collect proper taxes and tariffs on imports, except for commercial imports. With such emphasis, aside form other financial policies; the constitution mainly protected the interests and concerns of wealthy businessmen. Because it was only the wealthy and the privileged were the ones who can afford to run for public office, as opposed to the poor, the hopeless, and the uneducated, one need not wonder why such provision is so. Politicians cannot gain money from public office. Hence, they can only utilize their power to manipulate and protect their own interests at the expense of the underprivileged members of society. On the same basic premise, Article 6 also protected the wealthy by stipulating that allowed speculators to make considerable profit. Public treasury were used to create private capital and credit for huge investors, thus debit payment came from the pockets of the public into the pockets of the wealthy, high class members of society. Another issue that was given special commendation in the constitution was the issue of slavery, as those member states who had three fifths of slave population were given more seats in Congress, more than it should have given its number of voting population. The aforementioned were only a few of the numerous â€Å"undemocratic† provisions in the constitution. Through time, and some careful amendments done, lawmakers have done some democratic concessions that had somehow compromised its earlier mistakes and misgivings. One important democratic provision was the election of the president and legislators at a limited span of time, thus eliminating lifetime claim in public office. This aspect eliminates, or limits, the possibility of corruption, dictatorship, or any other vested interest in one’s leadership. On the other hand, Article 6 indicated that â€Å"no religious Test shall be ever be required as a

Functions Of Language In Daily Use English Language Essay

Functions Of Language In Daily Use English Language Essay There are many different languages in our world that are different. And each language has its rule. Language function is a part of the language. Also, each language has its function, which is used to communicate. Moreover, language function makes us to communicate correctly. If we dont know about language function, the sentences that we talk to other people will not complete. Although they can understand, but it can change the meaning. As we are teachers, we should be careful in teaching the function of language because if we teach a wrong function, it means that the students will receive a wrong language system, too. Therefore, the teachers should be careful about the usage of verbs or tenses, phrases, structures and vocabulary because these are the main factors that we can make our students to write or speak English correctly. Nowadays, there are many ways to teach the students to learn language functions. Some students think that language functions are boring. Then, they dont want to learn. However, we should use the better teaching technique for our students. Parker (2009) suggests that function is what the language used in language learning such as requesting, apologizing, ordering etc. In my view, I think that the function of the language is something to control the meaning or expression of the communication. The language functions. When we talk about language functions, we are talking about the reason we use a language. Basically, the function of language is used for communication; we use the language to give and receive messages between ourselves. We can break this down into language functions. When we communicate with language, we can: Compare and Contrast Make a complaint Express love or anger Persuade someone Give advice Ask for something Ask for something politely Hide the truth (lie) Warm Give information Explain a process Apportion blame Avoid saying anything and so on. Each language function can be associated with certain grammatical forms. For example, we often use modal verbs in a polite situation, Might I borrow your pen? Compare this to when the language function is one of demanding: Give me your pen! Although each language function deals with one main communicative need, it can cover different situations. For example, Asking for information directions can be used not only in the context of tourists finding their way round town, but also with new employees who need to find their bearings in a large firm. The same goes for Instructing others. Here the relevant language will be about giving orders, making strong suggestions etc. these can be used at work and also outside work at a hotel, when hiring a car, ordering a meal, etc. There are 3 types of the language function such as: First of all, informative languages function: essentially, the communication of information. They are: -The informative function affirms or denies propositions, as in science or the statement of a fact. -This function is used to describe the word or reason about it. -These sentences have a truth value. The sentences are either true or false. Secondly, expressive languages function: reports feelings or attitudes of the writer or speaker, or of the subject. For examples: -Poetry and literature are among the best examples, but much of, perhaps most of, ordinary language discourse is the expression of emotions, feelings or attitudes. -Two main aspects of this function are generally noted: evoking, certain feelings and expressing feelings. The last one, directive languages function: language used for the purpose of causing overt action. -The directive function is most commonly found in commands and requests. -Directive language is not normally considered true or false. -Example of this function: Close the windows. The sentence Youre smoking in a nonsmoking area, although declarative, can be used to mean Do not smoke in this area. How to teach language functions. The teacher should understand with the function of language clearly. In teaching, the teacher must give the students an example in each function. Moreover, the teacher may give them a situation that they can express the language function. For example: a student is at the restaurant, she wants to order something for her lunch. What will she say to a waiter? This is an example that the teacher may give to their students to think what the girl will say in order to order something. Therefore; ordering food is a function language. Parker (2009) explains that introducing students to the function of language, the teacher can give them to perform tasks or talk about the past, present, or future. Although, the beginner level can learn how to greet people. The important thing to remember when teaching function language, the teacher should: 1. Remember that the function does not appear in isolation. A request, or incitation, needs a reply. So, to give the students for a task, the teacher should teach in appropriate pairs. 2. Intonation is very important in speaking English when the function of language is presented. The tone in speaking and emphasis is just as important as the particular choice of words. For example, Could I have your attention, please? It is used when we speak in class, even though it is spoken as a request, is a demand. Could I have à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the spaghetti? Which is spoken in a restaurant, would be a polite request. 3. Remember the aspect of appropriacy. It is very important that the students must be careful of different situations which either for called formal English or allowed for a less formal option. In a restaurant, Can I have the spaghetti? It is less polite than Could I have the spaghetti, please? Moreover, he says that one function can have many different language functions. Here are the examples of different functions: 1. If you say anything, I will tell your parents. (Function-Threat/Warning) 2. Ill do the hovering, if you do the washing up. (Function-Negotiation) 3. Ill go to the shops for you. (Function-Offer) And one function can be expressed using several different language structures. For example: 1. If I were you, Id à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. (2nd conditional) 2. Why dont you à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Present tense question negative) 3. You should / ought à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. (Modal/auxiliary verb) In addition, to teach a language function, the teacher may give the students some tasks or talk with them about the situations. The teacher should allow the students to study in the role play. In each situation, the students ought to tell the functions of language. To do like this will help the teacher knows the students ability in using language function. Examples of language function. There is an example of teaching language function for students that I have planned to teach about these topics. In each topic, I write the functions of language that they will learn. Topics Functions Topics Language functions -Greeting friends. -Greeting acquaintance. -Greeting strangers. Greeting -Classifying words. -Making compound/complex sentences. -Listening to a male college student. -Reading about meaning of colors. -Writing about making decisions. Types of Sentences -Describing things that can be counted, categorizing things. -Listening to a foreign student talking about the food her roommate likes to eat. -Reading about An American singer story. -Writing about shopping at the supermarket. Countable and uncountable nouns. -Classifying nouns. -Listening to an African man talking about his eating habits. -Reading about finding fat Santa. -Writing about an ad for Santa. Singular and Plural -Describing objects, people. -Listening to a man talking about sports. -Reading about a Cat story. -Writing about giving opinion. Determiners and Adjectives -Drawing conclusion, Describing habits. -Listening to a man talking about his dog. -Reading about A computer Whizz. -Writing about making a list. Present Time Passive Voice -Making sentences impersonal. -Listening to a woman talking about famous landmarks. -Reading about oldest soccer ball. -Writing about letters of inquiry. Past Time -Asking about things that happened recently, -Listening to man talking about his last vacation. -Writing about creating an article. Future Time -Talking about the future. -Making plans. -Listening to a man talking about his future plans. -Reading about going back to school. -Writing about your plans for the future. -Creating perfect tenses. -Listening to a woman talking about herself. -Reading about a pilot story. -Writing about solving a problem. -Identifying adjectives. -Listening to a woman talking about U.S. wedding traditions. -Reading about hearing loss. -Writing about your opinion. Adjective Clauses and Phrases -Expressing equity. -Reading about seat belt law. -Writing about radio ads. Degree -Classifying verbs. -Listening to a Spanish woman talking about culture shock. -Reading about Animal rights -Writing about environmental problems. Verbal -Creating noun clauses. -Listening to a man talking about a weird story. -Reading about business. -Writing about planning. Nouns Clauses and Reported Speech Present, Future, and Past Perfect -Talking about general truths, unreal situations. -Listening to a woman talking about events that arent true. -Reading about gadgets. -Writing letters. Conditional Sentences Sample list of language functions: There are the sample lists of language functions. Identify Imagine Express sadness Describe (people, places, things, experiences) State intentions Express + (other moods) Ask for information Discuss probability Encourage Give information Offer to do something Persuade Clarify Ask for permission Complain Apologize Give reasons Give and accept or refuse Greet Give opinions Compliments Make introductions Instruct how to do something Warn Correct information Check understanding others Request Talk about similarities Attract attention Talk about differences Agree State preferences Disagree Make suggestions Invite Give advice Accept Express enthusiasm refuse Express disappointment Express happiness The table from the school of teaching ESL. (www.schoolofTESL.com) There are example situations to use language function at various places. Introductions and commands. Dialogue: Ploy : Hi, I am Ploy. Im a new student. Teacher : Nice to meet you Ploy. Im Aoy-atchara and Im your new teacher. Please come in. Ploy : Im pleased to meet you. Teacher : Sit down, please. Vocabulary Im I am Its It is Lets Let us Dont Do not Language function Greetings Hi! Hello! (Formal) Good morning Good afternoon Good evening Language function Introducing yourself Hi! Im Ploy. Hi! My name is Ploy. Hi! Im Ploy. Hello. My name is Ploy. Hello. Im Ploy. Language function Informal responses Hi! Nice to meet you. Hi! Its nice to meet you. Hi! Nice to meet you, too. Language function Formal responses Hello. Its nice to meet you. Im Ploy. Im Ploy Surathana. Hello. Its nice to meet you. My name is Ann. Hello. Im pleased to meet you. Im Kai. Im Kai Srisuk. Hello. Im pleased to meet you. My name is John Kanyon. Hello. Im pleased to meet you. My name is Aoy and Im your teacher. The examples tasks. Whats the real meaning? The dialogue below shows the different exchange between the student and teacher. Ann: I can hear the phone. Paul: Im watching TV. Student: Why does Paul say Im watching TV? Teacher: Because hes is doing it now- at the moment of speaking. Student: But John is there he can see that Ann is having her lunch. Teacher: Exactly. Its happening now. Student: But why? The feedback The teacher does not focus on the functional meaning of Pauls utterance. In this context, Paul is making an excuse Im not going to answer the phone because Im having my lunch. It is only focused on the grammatical meaning of the structure Paul uses, does not to make this clear. Key Skill Understanding the underlying social meaning of certain utterances is at the heart of functional language. We often use language because we want to perform some kind of communicative act like making a request or offering advice. The expressions that we use to achieve this are known as functional exponents. Research According to Saichon Deeprasit, research on Analysis of Language Functions of Authentic Materials Based on Communicative Language Teaching. The purpose of this research was to analyze the language functions of authentic materials which had not been developed for educational purpose. Authentic materials were firstly analyzed into themes, topics and sub topics. Then their language functions were analyzed and developed six lesson plans for high school students. She used 70 authentic materials which were analyzed within 12 themes and the language functions were analyzed following 6 language function groups and 6 lesson plans were developed according to the highest frequency of occurrences found in each language function group. The language functions of imparting and seeking factual information; reporting including describing and narrating were the highest frequency of occurrences (84.29) From the research, it was found that in teaching language function, the students need to report, describe and narrate. It is a secondary research because the researcher has study from the language functions of authentic materials. (Saichon: Analysis of Language Functions of Authentic Materials Based on Communicative Language Teaching) Conclusion From this research I think that it is very important for the teacher in teaching language function because it is based on communication. Most of the students do not understand with the function of language. Sometime, the students dont know when they are used in the situation and how they should talks with a receiver. In my research, there are about the meaning of language functions, how to teach language functions and the examples of language functions. I am teaching grade 11 and the English textbook consists of 8 language functions, Introducing people, Giving an opinion, Giving directions, Making arrangements, Making a phone call, In a cafà ©, Buying a train ticket, and Giving advice. My students can communicate in English from these various situations both inside and outside classroom. They know not only what functions they can use with those situations, but also the language culture. For example, they can tell the tourist the way to Nong Prajak Park, or they can introduce their new friends to a foreign teacher. They also understand the appropriateness in using the language in formal or informal way. To illustrate, they said, May I come in, please? to get a permission from the teacher to enter the class whereas they said, Can I use your pen? to their friends. Besides, they can use the certain vocabulary according to the situations. They use the word, pay attention which means to be interested in. On the contrary, pay a lot of mon ey which means to spend money. Through my learning experience with Ajarn Steve Graham, language functions have benefited me in various ways. First of all, I can communicate in various situations by using the knowledge from the classroom to apply using them in reality. Moreover, on reading skill, I can cope with skimming, scanning, or even speed reading. In addition, on writing skill, I can express my ideas, agree or disagree from the articles both in the textbook and the one on his website, Harmony at all cost? Secondly, the comic section interests me in choosing the characters and making the dialogue which I think I wont have a chance to create this language function by myself. Most importantly, I have a good opportunity to express my opinion and discuss the interesting topics such as the educational system in Thailand and I can produce the target language from reading and writing skills through speaking skill. Language function is one of the major factors that ESL students need to learn. The potential communication has been created from the classroom first and the most success will consequently happen in the real world.

Essay --

In Aristotle’s definition of a tragic hero, a tragic hero must be superior to the average person in some way. They must evoke pity, and do so by being imperfect, and having a tragic flaw. In The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, John Proctor is portrayed as the tragic hero. It may appear that Proctor’s tragic flaw is lust, due to his affair with Abigail. But lust does not explain John’s refusal to become involved in the trials before his wife was accused when he knew that Abigail was lying. It makes more sense that his flaw would be selfishness. It gives a better explanation for his demise and his lechery. It was not the act of adultery, but his reluctance to admit to it and accuse Abigail of being a fraud that lead to him hanging from the gallows. Proctor knows that the only reason Abigail accuses his wife of witchcraft is because she wants her out of the picture. And even when Elizabeth pleads with John to go and tell the court he refuses because there is â€Å"no proof†. From the start of the play John places a great importance on his reputation and the fact that he cannot live without his name. It is clear that John does not want to accuse Abigail of witchcraft. If he does so he runs some risks; she is considered â€Å"a saint † and accusing her could make him look bad and soil his name, and accusing her could also lead to his lechery being made public, again soiling his name. But his silence means that innocent men and women will hang. This quiet act of supreme selfishness is where the outcome of the play is really decided; John’s fate sealed. While Proctor certainly was a flawed man, the events in The Crucible eventually lead to him recognizing and overcoming his selfishness. The first key example of Proctor acting in a selfless manor is ... ...ide as well. Proctor is the â€Å"good guy†, and is sentenced to death, hung for his crime of defending his wife. In addition to this, Proctor is sent to his death willingly after choosing to die rather than ruin the names of the others that were accused. But the real crime that he is being punished for is giving into his lust and having an affair with Abigail. Everybody makes mistakes and has a moment of weakness now and again. It’s hard to not feel at least a small amount of pity for him even if you dislike him. While Proctor is not always the most likable, he has all the characteristics of a tragic hero. While selfish and undoubtedly not perfect, he is a respected man. His selfishness is his tragic flaw, which leads to his eventual death, but on the way down he realizes his own flaws. In an act of courage, John Proctor goes to the gallows with his good name and honor.

About metals and minerals

1 IntroductionAsia plays an of import function in today ‘s excavation industry due to important resources of assorted metals and minerals, bring forthing about a 3rd of universe ‘s bauxite and gold, histories for a half of planetary Fe ore production, and for about 70 % of universe ‘s hydraulic cement ( USGS, 2009 ) . Within the part among the largest manufacturers of metals and minerals are China, India, and Indonesia. Despite the important importance of metals and minerals in modern economic system, excavation activities far excessively frequently lead to terrible environmental debasement, put local communities under force per unit area, cause societal jobs and sometimes go the cause of struggles. Grasberg mine in Indonesia is an expressed illustration of legion issues associated with big graduated table excavation. This paper gives a brief reappraisal of excavation in Grasberg from the construct the three pillars of sustainability, therefore analyzing economical, societal and particularly environmental impacts of this peculiar mine.2 Economic ImpactDue to the big graduated table of the operations, the Grasberg mine has a immense consequence on the economical state of affairs of Indonesia. Economic benefits include direct, such as revenue enhancement grosss and employment and other indirect and induced economic benefits. The unfastened cavity operations is expected to go on until 2015, than passag e will be made to to the full belowground production and the company ( which company, name? ? Need to present this mine company ) is expected to be profitable until 2041, which secures these benefits to Indonesia until that clip ( Freeport 2008 ) . The company is the largest revenue enhancement remunerator in Indonesia, merely in 2004 it provided $ 3 billion and between 1992-2004, $ 33 billion direct and indirect benefits, which is 2 % of the GDP of the state and 55 % of the GDP of Irian Jaya state, where the mine is located ( Perlez and Bonner 2005 ) . Along with economical state of affairs, it besides has a immense consequence on the employment. In 2008 the company had 29,300 employees and 10,700 contractors, about 18,000 people work at the mine which is operated by PT ( what is it? ) Freeport Indonesia ( Freeport 2009 ) . However, the employment impacts are more complex as the excavation activity have created societal tensenesss and wellness impacts such as AIDS and malaria in footings of in-migration, transmigration and urbanisation procedures. ( mention ) Besides direct effects Indonesia benefits from the indirect economic benefits, such as new airdrome, infirmaries and roads, nevertheless these were chiefly built to back up the substructure of the mine. In add-on, the company invested into malaria control and educational AIDSs. Induced effects include rewards, other benefits paid for the workers, purchases of goods and services, which are besides heightening economic development of the state. mention To decide bing societal and environmental issues the company has established a 1 % trust fund ( 1 % of the company ‘s gross one-year gross ) . Between its initiation in 1996 and 1999 it has been contributed $ 54.8 million and it is planned to go on over the following 10 old ages. In 1999, Freeport contributed US $ 14.4 million to the fund. In contrast in the same twelvemonth the CEO of Freeport, James Robert Moffet made US $ 41 million which is approximately three times of the compensation. Sing an independent survey it has became a new beginning of troubles and struggle ( Kennedy 1998 ) . To decide urbanisation issues and increase grosss and occupations within Papuan communities Freeport cooperates with the U.S. Agency for International Development and has launched the Papua Agribusiness Development Alliance. $ 2 million is allocated to develop agribusiness and agriculture, therefore advancing betterments in agriculture and fishing supports ( Freeport 2009 ) . Besides official payments the company provided side payments to the authorities functionaries, and spent $ 35 million on military substructure. Harmonizing to company paperss, $ 20- $ 30 million were given to the military and constabularies from 1998 to 2004 ( Perlez and Bonner 2005 ) . In malice of all these above mentioned benefits and investings, the environmental debasement, societal and wellness issues remain and can ne'er be to the full compensated by the company, but are enforcing immense cost on Indonesia. The cost of lost supports ( fishing, woods, biodiversity etc. ) and environmental harm are difficult to mensurate. Many of the wellness effects can non even be captured as they are chronic. Based on the above, Freeport Company evidently has a immense consequence on the Indonesian economic system but as it is a foreign investor it besides means that most of the gross is taken out from the state. Another chief issue is that most of its production is supplied as a Cu dressed ore for refinery to other states worldwide depriving Indonesia from related service based employment and induced benefits. Fortunately, due to societal and political force per unit area, governmental alterations and more demanding environmental outlooks and ordinances increase the force per unit area on Grasberg mine and easy driving the company towards more sustainable excavation patterns ( mention )2.1 Social ImpactSocial impact of Grasberg mine operation chiefly touches three major issues: demographical alterations, substructure development, and human rights misdemeanor. All of these issues address influence on the autochthonal people, Papuan folk. Some of the alterations which the Grasberg mine brought to the part could be considered as betterments in the life criterions such as substructure development. However about all of these alterations touch the inquiry of human rights maltreatments in many dimensions. ( mention ) Irian Jaya, the state where Grasberg mine is situated, is sing a rapid population growing as a consequence of the resettlement policies of the Indonesian authorities ( Wohl 2006 ) . The mine was opened in 1967 when there were no roads and fewer than 1000 people inhabited this country. Over clip the mine drew in 120 000 people from all over Indonesia and now it serves as about the lone one topographic point of employment for local people ( Hills and Welford 2006 ) . Although the mine operation in the state has lead to infrastructure development such as edifice of roads, an airdrome, a port at Amamapare ( what is it ) , a ropeway, infirmary, lodging, schools and other installations, presents there are a batch of jobs and struggles, peculiarly, in human rights abuses around the Grasberg mine. The enlargement of excavation caused a batch of protests among local population because the societal impact was chiefly connected with disturbing of the manner of life of autochthonal people, capturing their land, forestalling attempts to seek justness through the tribunals, bankrolling the constabulary and coercing them to resettle. These protests were the other portion of human rights maltreatments which showed up in military intercessions, colzas and slayings of dissenters etc. ( Hills and Welford 2006 ) . Indonesia ‘s National Commission on Human Rights concluded that clear and identifiable human rights misdemeanors had occurred in and around Freeport ‘s undertaking country, including indiscriminate violent deaths, anguish, inhumane or degrading intervention, improper apprehension, arbitrary detainment, disappearing, inordinate surveillance, and devastation of belongings. The committee noted that these misdemeanors are straight connected with protection for the excavation concern of PT Freeport Indonesia ( Whitmore 2006 ) . Additionally such environmental impacts as H2O and dirt pollution are the misdemeanor of the human right to adequate criterions of life and the right to wellness. ( How to link with old sentence? ) Local autochthonal landholders, the Kamoro and Amungme, have been the topic of coercion and bullying. Their land have been exploited, natural resources stolen and net incomes siphoned off by foreign shareholders and national elites ( Hills and Welford 2006 ) .3. Environmental ImpactThe environmental impact from the excavation activity of Grasberg mine arises chiefly due to two beginnings. These are,Untreated chasing disposal at the Aghawagon river ( IIED and WBCSD 2002 )Acid mine drainage ( Kennedy et al. 1998 ) from reeling sum of waste stone generated3.1 ShadowingsThe excavation operations at Grasberg started in 1972 ( Mealey 1996 ) . Riverine disposal of untreated shadowings has been practiced since so ( IIED and WBCSD 2002 ) . The IIED and WBCSD ( 2002 ) reference a 30 fold addition in the shadowings production from 1972 to 2000. As of 2002 about 230,000 dozenss of shadowings are disposed off day-to-day straight from the mine into the Aghanwagon River ( IIED and WBCSD 2002 ) . Fig 3 shows a satellite image of mine country along with the river system through which the shadowings are disposed of. The Aghanwagon is connected with the Ajkwa river system through Otomona river. Ajkwa river eventually meets the Arafura sea. A comparative analysis for selected parametric quantities with regard to mining outflowing criterions of US-EPA and Canada Fisheries Act and the Grasberg mine wastewater ( Annex 1 ) is presented in the tabular array 1 below ( IIED and WBCSD 2002 ) . Table 1. Comparison of shadowings featuresGrasberg MineUS EPA criterionCanada Fisheries Act criterionspH11.36-96-9.5Sum suspended solids ( mg/l )558,5842015As ( mg/l )3.94–0.5Cu ( mg/l )5360.150.3Hg ( mg/l )& lt ; 0.0030.001–A expression at the above tabular array would do to grok the monolithic pollution load caused by the direct riverine disposal of untreated shadowings in the environing riverine ecosystem. The negative environmental impacts are chiefly manifested through following two jobs.3.1.1 Problem of depositThe IIED and WBCSD ( 2002 ) estimation shadowings lending up to 93 % of the deposit loads in the river system. This has resulted in change of geo-morphology of the river system. ( Watson 1999 ) . Changes in the nearby river classs of Pika, Uamiau and Aimua as reported by Indonesian Ministry of Population and Environment ( Kennedy et al. 1998 ) further reinforce this claim. Watson ( 1999 ) has estimated that less than 5 % of the entire shadowings reach the Arafura Sea. The shadowing disposals have created an unreal inundation field in the Ajkwa riverine system ( Kennedy et al. 1998 ) . A obstruction of Ajkwa river in mid-1990s caused unreal inundation in the river field ( Watson 1999 ) . In response to the obstruction of the river the company have constructed levees to lodge and incorporate shadowings in the designated inundation field of the river, termed as Ajkwa Deposition Area ( ADA ) ( IIED and WBCSD 2002 ) . The levees are 40 kilometers long, constructed on both bank of the low prevarication inundation field of the Ajkwa river. This has resulted in the devastation of of 30 km2 of rain forest by 2002, and finally entire loss of rain forest in the ADA has been estimated to be 230 km2 ( IIED and WBCSD 2002 ) . In mid-1995 an American research worker have conducted trials of river deposits at Timika, which is the nearest human colony from the mine ( Kennedy et al.1998 ) . The consequences of these trials along with a comparing of Australia and New Zealand ‘s National Health and Medical Research Council ‘s ( NHMRC ) criterions for contaminated sites are presented below. Table 2. Selected heavy metal concentration at riverine deposits in Timika ( Kennedy et al. 1998 )Copper ( ppm )Zinc ( ppm )Lead ( ppm )Ajkwa river deposit229053.31.35( NHMRC ) guidelines for contaminated site60200300Noteworthy from the above tabular array is the inordinate sum of Copper taint. A more recent survey by Brunskill et Al ( 2004 ) has calculated the fluxes of Copper, Zinc and Lead in the Ajkwa river basin. The present fluxes as compared to the background fluxes ( before 1950 ) from the survey are presented below. Table 3. Fluxs of heavy metals at Ajkwa river basin ( Brunskill et al. 1998 )SiteCu flux ( mmol Cu m-2 yr -1 )Zn flux ( mmol Cu m-2 yr -1 )Pb flux ( mmol Cu m-2 yr -1 )3Background390.68Present137181.54Background7.8161.3Present204282.25Background6.6111.1Present129211.8These consequences are peculiarly dismaying for Copper. Since the addition in the background degree is every bit high as 40 times. This study besides shows that this rise in flux absolutely syncs with the rise in production degree of the mine. Sing these high flux rates of the selected metal, the concentration of these metals in the riverine deposits should be much higher now as compared to degrees indicated in Table 2.3.1.2 Impact on H2OThe impact of shadowings disposal on H2O quality of the Ajkwa River is terrible. Ortman and Subra ( 2000 ) conducted field trials to measure extent of the pollution ( Annex I, table B ) . These informations are compared on two degrees. The first comparing has been made with regard to imb ibing H2O quality against World Health Organisation ( 2008 ) guideline values ( Table 4 ) . The 2nd comparing is made with regard to toxic effects on aquatic biology ( Table 5 ) . Table 4. Comparison of H2O quality with regard to WHO guideline valuesMill DischargeOtomona BridgeMid ADAWHO guideline valueAs ( mg/l )3.940.1260.0450.01Cadmium ( mg/l )0.240.0070.0010.003Cu ( mg/l )53613.134.652Hg ( mg/l )0.0030.0030.0030.006Se ( mg/l )0.2940.0020.0020.01The above comparing clearly demonstrates that the river H2O is rendered non-potable by the mine pollution. In fact in 1997, functionary of the local authorities warned local people against imbibing of the river H2O and gave it a â€Å"D† public heath evaluation ( Kennedy et al. 1998 ) . Table 5. Comparison of H2O quality with regard to toxicityMill DischargeOtomona BridgeMid ADAToxic degreeBeginningAs ( mg/l )3.940.1260.0451.85Tisler and Zagorc-Konean ( 2003 )Cadmium ( mg/l )0.240.0070.0010.01Mallett et Al. ( 1992 )Cu ( mg/l )53613.134.650.015Tisler and Zagorc-Konean ( 2003 )Hg ( mg/l )0.0030.0030.0030.000026Canadian Water Quality GuidelineSe ( mg/l )0.2940.0020.0020.002Lemly ( 1992 )Therefore, it can be seen from above that apart from quicksilver the concentrations of heavy metals at the factory discharge location is higher than the aquatic toxic degrees. Particularly for Cu, at all location the measured value is higher than the toxic degree. Locals have reported disappearing of many species of fish from the river ( Chatterjee 1996 ) . An fact-finding study by New York Times has stated the river to be virtually barren of any fish ( Perlez and Bonner 2005 ) .3.2 Acid Mine Drainage3.2.1 Beginning of Acid Mine DrainageIn the late phases of formation procedure of the G rasberg ore, native sulfur was deposited in fool's gold venas ( Friehauf 2002 ) . When oxidization takes topographic point in deposited shadowings of the ore, acidic conditions can bit by bit develop when Cu sulfide minerals are present ( IIED 2002 ) . Under acerb conditions, metals in the ore may be mobilized. This acerb H2O bearing heavy metals, if non decently treated, may do irreversible pollution of groundwater ( TCE 2008 ) . In 1993, it was reported for the first clip that sedimentation sites in Grasberg contained AMD ( Perlez and Bonner 2005 ) .Different types of Cu sulfide found in the ore can be illustrated by a sample ( Fig.4 ) . Taken from cardinal stockwork zone of the Grasberg ore, copper pyrites ( brasslike yellow-orange ) , bornite ( dark blue-purple ) , and covellite ( violet or light blue ) can be seen from the specimen. ( FCX 2004 ) . The mine waste incorporating these sulphide bearing minerals, particularly chalcopyrite and bornite, can exercise important environmental impacts in the part ( IIED 2002 ) .3.2.2 Environmental Impacts of Acid Mine DrainageThe Grasberg mine has three billion dozenss of waste stone and shadowings ( Kennedy et al.1998 ) . The local clime is every bit wet as holding 12 pess of rain a twelvemonth, which contributes to oxidization of the mine waste and shadowings ( Perlez and Bonner 2005 ) . In Freeport ‘s audit, AMD has been reported fluxing into nearby waterco urses ( Kennedy et al. 1998 ) . To cover with the job of AMD, neutralisation procedure is added to the concentration process of Cu ( Golder Associates 1994 ) . The company says that this drainage is treated by roll uping the overflow and neutralizing it with limestone ( Perlez and Bonner 2005 ) . In one study in congratulations of the mine, it is stated that the shadowing river and the deposition country meets Indonesian and US Environmental Protection Agency imbibing H2O criterions for dissolved metals ( IM 2009 ) . However, several independent surveies and audits have shown much less optimistic state of affairs. The impact on local H2O system is important. Neutralization capableness of limestone in the milieus is finite, so once it is depleted, big sum of toxic metals from the mine will leach into local rivers and H2O system ( Kennedy 1998 ) . It is disclosed that light-green springs could already be seen several stat mis off, which indicates the leach-out of Cu from the drainage has traveled a long distance ( Perlez and Bonner 2005 ) . For illustration, in the Wanagon H2O catchment basin, the acid leachate precipitates when neutralized with calcium hydroxide, and accretion has already started near the lake ( IIED 2002 ) , which may impact the deposit. Ajkwa Deposition Area and estuaries of the Arafura Sea may besides be affected by AMD ( Bryce 2005a ) . Groundwater taint has been detected in the Highlandss of Grasberg ( TCE 2008 ) , and in 1999, pollution of groundwater became important in Tim ika, a town lying below the mine ( Bryce 2005b ) . Furthermore, the Lorentz park is another focal point of concern, because the AMD has polluted the springs in the park and affected its ecological diverseness ( TCE 2008 ) . The Lorentz glaciers ( Figure 5 ) are besides at hazard ( McGinley 2008 ) . To sum up, the clime status in Grasberg aggravates the job of AMD, which has caused pollution to H2O systems including the shadowing river and deposition countries. The nearby World heritage site, Lorentz Park, is besides at hazard due to impact from AMD.DecisionAnnex ITable A. Tailings features ( IIED and WBCSD 2002 )Shadowings solids analysis mg/Kg ( dry footing )Plant discharge – slurry ( mg/l )DissolvedEntirepH––11.3Sum suspended solids––558,584Aluminum28,900––As49& lt ; 0.0023.94Cadmium0.33& lt ; 0.00020.24Copper6,6000.002536Fe56,600––Lead30––Manganese1,400––Mercury0.01& lt ; 0.0003& lt ; 0.0003Selenium3& lt ; 0.0020.294Zinc2000.06061.1Table B. Water quality at different points at the Ajkwa deposition country ( Ortman and Subra 2000 )Mill DischargeOtomona BridgeMid ADAUS EPA criterionANZECC criterionConcentration ( mg/l )DissolvedEntireDissolvedEntireDissolvedEntireSum suspended solids–558,58–12,81–4,968––Aluminum––––––––As& lt ; 0.0023.94& lt ; 0.0020.126& lt ; 0.0020.045––Cadmium& lt ; 0.00020.24& lt ; 0.00020.007& lt ; 0.00020.001––Copper0.0025360.01013.130.0114.650.00290.005Fe––––––––Lead––––––––Manganese––––––––Mercury& lt ; 0.0003& lt ; 0.0003& lt ; 0.0003& lt ; 0.0003& lt ; 0.0003& lt ; 0.0003––Selenium& lt ; 0.0020.294& lt ; 0.002& lt ; 0.002& lt ; 0.002& lt ; 0.002––Zinc0.06061.10.0021.80.0020.536MentionsBrunskill, G. J. , Zagorskis, I. , Pfitzner, J. , and Ellison, J. 2 004. Sediment and hint element depositional history from the Ajkwa River estuarine Rhizophora mangles of Irian Jaya ( West Papua ) , Indonesia. Continental Shelf Research 24: 2535-2551Bryce, R. 2005a. Freeport at Grasberg: ‘Devastated the river system ‘ . News, The Austin Chronicle September 23, 2005. Uniform resource locator: [ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Issue/story? oid=oid % 3A292540. [ consulted 29 Jan 2010 ] .Bryce, R. 2005b. Written in Stone. News, The Austin Chronicle September 23, 2005. Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Issue/story? oid=oid % 3A292538. [ consulted 29 Jan 2010 ] .Chatterjee, P. 1996. A Cu mine of decease or misplaced incrimination? . Inter Press Service ( February ) . Cited in Kennedy, D. , Chatterjee, P. , and Moody, R. Risky concern the Grasberg gold mine, 16. Berkeley: Undertaking Underground, 1998Earth Observatory ( EO ) . NASA. Grasberg Mine, Indonesi a. Posted August 1, 2005. Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php? id=5718. [ consultd 5 February 2010 ]Freeport-McMoran Copper & A ; Gold ( FCX ) . 2004. How stone comes to life: step-by-step through the excavation procedure. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fcx.com/envir/wtsd/2004/copper.htm. [ consulted 29 Jan 2010 ]Freeport McMoran Copper & A ; Gold Inc. 2008. Core Assets, 2008 Annual Report Phoenix: Freeport McMoran Copper & A ; Gold Inc.URL: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fcx.com/ir/AR/2008/FCX_AR_2008.pdf [ consulted 01 Feb 2010 ]Freeport McMoran Copper & A ; Gold Inc. 2009. Employee engagement Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fcx.com/envir/emply_engag.htm [ consulted 01 Feb 2010 ]Freeport McMoran Copper & A ; Gold Inc. 2009. Economic Development URL: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fcx.com/envir/eco_dev.htm # casestudy1 [ consulted 01 Feb 2010 ]International Institute for Environmen t and Development ( IIED ) 2002. Mining for the Future Appendix J: Grasberg Riverine Disposal Case StudyFriehauf, K. C. 2002. Grasberg Mine Area, Indonesian research and travels, â€Å"Research† . hypertext transfer protocol: //faculty.kutztown.edu/friehauf/indonesia/grasberg.html. [ consulted 29 Jan 2010 ] .Friends of the Earth Netherlands ( Milieudefensie ) 2009. Mining Matters. Unacceptable metal excavation in developing states and the duties of companies in the Netherlands Amsterdam: Friends of the Earth NetherlandsGolder Associates. 1994. Shadowings and River Management Plan Options Executive Summary, Submitted by Golder Associates to PT Freeport Indonesia, November 1994Hills, J. and Welford, R. 2006. Case Study: Auditing for Human Rights: Freeport-McMoRan Copper and Gold in Papua. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management 13: 108 – 114.International Institute for Environment and Development ( IIED ) and World Business Council for Sustainable De velopment ( WBCSD ) . 2002. Mining for the hereafter Appendix J: Grasberg riverine disposal instance survey. England: IIED and WBCSDInternational Institute for Environment and Development ( IIED ) . 2002. Mining for the Future. England: IIED.International Mining ( IM ) . 2009. The route to Grasberg. Great mines—Grasberg. International Mining 2009 ( Sep ) : 56-61.Kennedy, D. , Chatterjee, P. , and Moody, R. 1998. Hazardous concern the Grasberg gold mine, 16. Berkeley: Undertaking UndergroundLemly, A. D. 1992. Guidelines for measuring Selenium informations from aquatic monitoring and assessment surveies. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 28: 83-100Mallett, M.J. , Vine, S. , Murgatroyd, C. , Whitehouse, P. , Jerman, E. , Ashby-Crane, R.E. , Fleming, R. , Wwilson, K. and Sims, I. 1992. Toxicity of common pollutants to freshwater life. A reappraisal of the effects of ammonium hydroxide, arsenic, Cd, Cr, Cu, nitrile, Ni, phenol and Zn on autochthonal species. Bristol: Nationa l River Authority R & A ; D study Note 82.Mealey, G. A. , 1996. Grasberg. Los Angeles: Freeport McMoRan Copper and Gold IncMcGinley, M. ( Topic Editor ) ; United Nations Environment Programme-World Conservation Monitoring Centre ( Content Partner ) . 2008. â€Å" Lorentz National Park, Indonesia. † In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland ( Washington, D.C. : Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment ) . [ First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth February 11, 2008 ; Last revised November 21, 2008 ; Retrieved February 5, 2010 ] . Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eoearth.org/article/Lorentz_National_Park, _Indonesia. [ consulted 5 February 2010 ] .National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) . 2003. Visible Earth a catalogue of NASA images and lifes of our place planet. Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //veimages.gsfc.nasa.gov//16923/landsat_carstenz_29may03_28 .5m.jpg [ consulted 5th February 2010 ]Ortman, D.E. , and Subra, W. 2000. Review of Freeport AuditPerlez, J. , and Bonner, R. 2005. Below a mountain of wealth a river of waste. New York Times ( New York ) , December 27.Tisler, T. , and Zagroc-Koncan, J. , 2003. Aquatic toxicity of selected chemicals as abasic standard for environmental categorization. Arh Hig Rada Tokiskol 54: 207-213The Council on Ethics ( TCE ) . 2008. To the Ministry of Finance – Recommendation of 15 February 2008. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php? a=8809. [ consulted Jan 29 2010 ] .Watson, M. 1999. External Environmental Audit, PT Freeport Indonesia operationsIrian Jaya, Indonesia. Steamboat Springs, CO, US.Whitmore, A. 2006. The emperor ‘s new apparels: Sustainable excavation? Journal of Cleaner Production 14: 309 – 314. ( beginning URL ) GalyaWohl, E. 2006. Human impacts to mountain watercourses. Geomorphology 79: 217 – 248.World Health Organisat ion ( WHO ) . 2008. Guidelines for imbibing H2O quality.

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