The Decomposition of Copper Carbonate Essay Example for Free

The Decomposition of fuzz Carbonate EssayPlanning CourseworkAimOur project is to find forth what products are formed when slob carbonate decomposes. Copper has 2 oxides, Cu2O and CuO. We are told that one of the following two equalitys are correctEquation 1 (Eqn1) 2 CuCO3 (s) Cu2O (s) + 2 CO2 (g) + 1/2 O2 (g)Equation 2 (Eqn2) CuCO3 (s) CuO (s) + CO2 (g)CalculationsI have to find out which of the two are correct by experimentation. By looking at the equations, I privy see that gas is given out. Collecting this gas depart be a good way to find out which equation is correct. I will collect the gas in a 100cm3 gas syringe. Therefore I want to be collecting about 80cm3 of gas per amount of copper carbonate.Eqn1 Ratio copper carbonate gas2 2 + 1/21 1.25Eqn2 Ratio copper carbonate gas1 1Above states that 2 1/2 moles of gas are produced in Eqn1. I know that 1 mole of gas occupies 24000cm3 in standard dwell temperature and pres for sure. I have stated that I want to collect about 80cm3. This means that I wasnt to collect 80/24000 moles of gas. This is equal to 0.00333. (recurring) moles of gas. Out of the 0.0033 moles of gas collected,2 of them have to be moles of CO2 and 0.5 of them are moles of 022.5 2.5So in Eqn1 we want 2 x 0.0033 moles of CO2 to be collected which is 0.00266 moles2.5According to the Eqn, the mole balance of CuCO3 to CO2 is 22. This means we sine qua non 0.00266 moles CuCO3 to be decomposed in oreder to create the 80cm3 of gas. From this we can find the mass of CuCO3 to be used, by using the formula plenty = moles x RFM (relative formula mass)= 0.00266 x (63.5 + 12 + (16 x 3) )= 0.329gSo in Eqn1, using 0.329g CuCO3 should produce about 80cm3 gas. Using 0.329g CuCO3 in Eqn2 should give less than 80cm3 gas. I shall prove thisCuCO3 (s) CuO (s) + CO2 (g)Mass of CuCO3 0.329gMoles of CuCO3 0.00266Moles of CO2 produced 0.00266Volume of CO2 produced 0.00266 x 24000 = 63.9cm3Therefore, I know that whichever Eqn is correct, using 0.3 29g CuCO3 will non produce over 80cm3, and therefrom the gas will definitely be able to fit into the gas syringeDiagramKeyThis represents the syringe being held by a repay stand and also the boiling tube being held by tonguesMethod* Weigh exactly about 0.329g powdered copper carbonate* Set out apparatus as above* Put copper carbonate into boiling tube and put bung on. Bung should be as tight as possible to ensure it is air tight and to minimise the amount of gas lost* Attach delivery tube to gas syringe making sure plunger is fully depressed* Light the Bunsen on a yellow fervency for safety and then turn it to a blue flame when ready to begin experiment* Apply Bunsen burner under boiling tube, wafting it under the copper carbonate* I know when the reaction has stopped by when the copper carbonate has gone red or black (depending whether Cu2O or CuO is produced).* Also, when the reaction stops, the plunger on the gas syringe will stop move* It might be necessary to wait to let t he syringe and its contents to cool down so that the gas occupies the correct volumeI need to make sure the experiment is fair to ensure accurate results. From past experience, I know that when the syringe is fully depressed, but then the bung is added, the syringe plunger extends a bit. However in this experiment, the reaction wont start straight away. Therefore I will need to make sure that I push the plunger back in before heat is applied. The experiment will be repeated 3 times and a mean of the results will be taken. All of the results must be concordant with the mean. This will reduce chance of any anomalous data being used. The condition must bide constant throughout each experiment. The collected gas should be at standard room temperature and pressure.There is a nonher test that could help find which equation is correct. In both equations CO2 is produced. To check this, we could bubble the gas through limewater, which turns milky in front end in CO2. However, in eqn1 O2 is also produced. The test for the presence of O2 is to place a glowing splint into the gas. If it relights, O2 is present. However, this method is not very adequate as the amount of O2 produced is very small in comparison to the CO2, and raze if it was present it still might not affect a glowing splintResultsProviding under about 70cm3 of gas is produced, it shows that no oxygen is produced and so we can say that the 2nd equation is correctPrecautionsDuring experiment, safety goggles should be worn throughout. Wear a lab coat so that it may be removed, without problem, if chemicals spill onto it. Plastic gloves should be worn to prevent chemical contact with hide. Also, when handling Bunsen burners, care should be taken.Copper (I) oxide (Cu2O) may be baneful if swallowed or if inhaled, could irritate lungs. If in contact with eye, launder thoroughly with water for 15 mins and seek medical attention if problem persists. If in contact with skin, rinse with soap and water, and if s wallowed in reasonable quantity, seek medical attentionCopper (II) Oxide (CuO) Causes eye irritation, can damage cornea. Flush eyes with water for 15 mins. Irritates skin and can discolour it. If contact should occur, wash skin with soap and water. If swallowed, can cause damage to kidneys and liver. May also cause vascular collapse. However, do not induce vomiting, but drink cupfuls of milk. Id breathing is difficult do not give mouth to mouth resuscitationCopper Carbonate (CuCO3) risks are similar, yet not so hazardous. However treat with similar care. Do induce vomiting if swallowedBibliographyhttp//ptcl.chem.ox.ac.uk/hmc/hsci/chemicals/copper_I_oxide.html chemical safety on Copper (I) Oxidehttp//avogadro.chem.iastate.edu/MSDS/CuO.htm chemical safety on Copper (II) Oxidehttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper%28I%29_oxide general information on the copper oxides

Pregnancy and Birth Control Essay Example for Free

gestation period and Birth tick EssayBirth Control is the Best Way to Fight with Teenage Pregnancy Teen gestation is frequently discussed all all over the country and the efforts have not focusd the numbers, as immatureds continue to have unsafe finish which eventually leads to maternity. These developments led different experts to con cheekr the issue of self-denial, endion, and general shake up education in order to reduce the scores of pregnancy among teens. The average teen willing be curious about sex when he or she starts puberty and begins to be aw ar of his or her body. There are different strategies for dealing with puerile pregnancy such as sex education, abstinence, or abortion moreover the most effective schema involves the careful pulmonary tuberculosis of sustain ascertains. There are lots of factor ins that lead to young pregnancy. The for the first time factor arises from a lack of evokeal guidance. Most parents defer their chelaren when it comes time to talk about sex. In some cases, they provide false information regarding sex and discourage their children to participate in any informative intelligence about sex. However, in other cases, teenagers are not well educated about sex out front they get pregnant.This then leads to lack of communication in the midst of parents and their children. A second rush of teenage pregnancy is due to the adolescents sex behavior. In this case, peer pressure is a major factor that encourages teenagers to engage in sexual activities. Early dating is also another behavior that can cause unwanted pregnancy in teenagers. According to research, 29% of teens were pressurized to have sex, 33% of teens were sexually active and that they felt things moving fast sexually (What are the Causes of teenage Pregnancy? 2009). A third cause of teenage pregnancy is not having enough knowledge about safe sex. Most adolescents are unaware about safe sex.They have little or no information about ho w to prevent pregnancy. The main reason behind that is that they are too embarrassed or shy to seek information about it. look into found that there are more than 80% of teenage pregnancies are unplanned (What are the Causes of teenage Pregnancy? 2009). A quadrupleth cause of teenage pregnancy is due to social economic factors. In this case, teenagers who belong to poor families are more possible to become pregnant because they do not ordinarily get enough education about sex and hold control. Another cause of teenage pregnancy is contraceptive failure. This is a very common cause of teenage pregnancies today. There are umteen brands and types of contraceptives and birth control pills that are available in the market, but they are not guaranteed forcomplete safety.Sometimes, not cunning how to use a contraceptive properly can lead to unwanted teenage pregnancy. There are also many side effects from contraception including physical changes in the body which can sometimes resu lt in miscarriage or newborn defects emotional trauma of handling a child at such an early age, changes in life styles, and also termination of pregnancy affects the general health (Admin). So, one should think about all this before he or she gets involved in sex. In addition, there are many ways to help prevent teenage pregnancy. The advice for parents and other groups that directly cogitation with teens is to educate them on the dangers of sex before nuptials and that abstinence is the surmount way to protect themselves from unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases.Abstinence is now a trend in the states and different studies have been conducted to evaluate the usefulness and results of abstaining from sex before marriage. A University of Pennsylvania sociologist, John Jemmott, explained the result of the different abstinence sessions conducted on the teen pregnancy issues. In a sample this size, the difference between the comprehensive class and the abstinence cl ass Thirty- ternary part vs. Forty-one percent was not statistically significant, said Jemmott, so it is accurate to say they perform comparably. The issue of abstinence is being challenged by some groups who say that abstinence only makes teenagers less aware of safe sex if they find themselves in such situations, and that the rate of teenage pregnancy is not high enough to make abstinence the major direction discussed in sex education (Flam, 2010).Bill Albert, the chief program officer of the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy says even adults who know better about pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases still have sex before marriage, Studies shows that only eight percent of adults wait until marriage (Flam, 2010). Abortion is another major factor in the increasing rate of teenage pregnancy. Abortion can be described as the elimination of a zygote before it develops to its full stage. Teens have changed their attitude towards sex because of the availability of abortion and this has led to an increase of more teens becoming pregnant. According to Collison, the teenagers, who were abstaining from premarital sex before the introduction of abortion, are now engaging in it because they know that if they happen to get pregnant, there is a way to get out of such a situation.Some other experts argue that abortion is a positive factor thathas to be put in place if teenage pregnancies are to be reduced, because most of these teens do not have the financial or moral standard to take care of their babies in the normal way (Collison, 2001). From 1995 to 1997, the abortion rate decreased 3.9 percent among females younger than 15 days of age (from 2.8 to 2.7 per 1,000), 10.1 percent among females 15 to 17 years of age (from 18.2 to 16.3 per 1,000), and 5.4 percent among females 18 to 19 years of age (from 39.6 to 37.5 per 1,000) (Teenage pregnancy, birth, and abortion. (2002) (Fact 52) Furthermore, the bad name given to abortion has made it almost impo ssible for teens to get rid of unwanted pregnancies which could ruin their lives.Research has sh receive that some teens who cannot abort unwanted pregnancies decide to kill the baby after birth, which is infanticide. An example of this kind of situation is the story of two college students, Amy and Brian who drove from New Jersey to Delaware and rented a motel room. There, Amy gave birth to a baby boy. Brian, it was reported, beat the baby to death, stuffed him in a plastic bag, and threw him in a trash container. (Collison, 2001). Birth control has its negative and positive effects, but one thing is for sure, it is a very effective way of preventing pregnancy. For the first time in fourteen years teen pregnancy rose in the year 2007 (Stacey, 2009). Researchers are discovering that there are certain patterns in teens behaviors that are connected to a higher and more consistent birth control use. A airfield in 2007 published in the journal Demography, Contraceptive Use Patterns acr oss Teens Sexual relationships The image of Relationships, Partners, and sexual histories provides information on teen birth control usage. According to the study many teens use birth control inconsistently (Manlove, Ryan, Franzetta, 2007). In fact, four out of ten teens do not use contraceptives properly.Teens that have used birth control in the past are shown to be more likely to use it in the future. This proves that teens may learn from their past relationship experiences. However, teens in romantic relationships are more likely to use birth control for the first time, but fail to use it anytime after that. Approximately 67 percent of teens 12 to 19 years of age feel that if they were to offer advice to leaders in Washington regarding teen pregnancy, they would suggest greater emphasis on both encouraging teens not to have sexual relations and on birth control or protection (Teenage pregnancy, birth, and abortion, 2002 (Fact 71). Forty percent of women whouse birth control expe rience side effects for the first three months. After the first three months, side effects seem to diminish (Theresa, 2001).Mild negative side effects of the pill implicate irregular menstrual bleeding, missed periods, spotting between periods, nausea, weight gain or weight loss, headaches, dizziness, breast tenderness, mood changes, and an increase in vaginal infections. The more serious negative effects of the pill include blood clots, stroke, heart attack, worsening of migraine headaches, gall bladder disease, increase in blood pressure, and a rare liver tumor. Any person who smokes, is sometime(a) than thirty-five, has diabetes, high blood pressure, heart or vascular disease, high cholesterol and triglyceride abnormalities is at a much higher stake for the birth control side effects. Even though there may seem to be negative side effects, not all are harmful. Many women in fact are put on the pill to help with cycle problems rather than to prevent pregnancy (Theresa, 2001).Po sitive side effects of the pill include lighter menstruation, reduction of cramps, improvement of acne, protection against non-cancerous breast growth, reduction in anemia and ovarian cysts, decreased risk of uterine cancer, decreased risk of infection of the fallopian tubes, decreased risk of ectopic pregnancy and less incidence of rheumatoid arthritis. The bad side effects of the pill are very rare. Using birth control pills is a reliable way to prevent teen pregnancy, and has a success rate of 99.9%. When a young teen weighs the pros and cons of birth control, most see the pros out measure the cons. Abstinence is the only way to be completely sure to not get pregnant and to be 100% safe, however birth control is the attached best method. Teen pregnancy is a very hot topic that concerns many people and organizations, who are trying to slow the epidemic. There are many reasons why teen pregnancy needs to be reduced in America.Many pregnancies are not planned which lead to a numb er of problems for the become and family members. 88% of teens 12 to 19 years of age think the number of teenage pregnancies in the linked States is a serious problem (Teenage pregnancy, birth, and abortion (2002) (Fact 67). The United States has almost double the amount of teen pregnancies that Canada has. This is reflected by the many programs and ways that U.S. organizations are trying to lower teen pregnancy rates. One of the most customary programs that are used to reduce teen pregnancy is sex education in initiates. According to Finger, sexeducation is the best way to reduce teen pregnancy. Sex education needs to be taught to every child starting at a young age by trained professionals in school (Finger, 2002). In a study done in a low income rural neighborhood, children from five to eighteen years of age were put through sex education classes over a three year period.After three years, pregnancies in teens fell from sixty out of every 1,000 kids to twenty-five out of ever y 1,000 kids (Finger, 2002). This is a good sign that sex education can help lower teen pregnancy by more than half. Most students are taught at an average age of sixteen and a half. This is too late at that point many kids have already experimented sexually and have formed their own opinions about sex. From kindergarten to twelfth grade kids only spend forty-six hours in health classes which is where sex education is taught (Roleff). One of the largest issues is training professionals to watch sex education. genteelness teachers is a key element of successful sex education programs, and the lack of good training has been a big problem says Dr. Waszak (Finger, 2002). Sex education is the best way to prevent teen pregnancy and with these few adjustments it can be very effective. On the other side are people that say teens will have sex no matter what they are told and do not want to waste the time and money.This point is validated in a study which is done every twelve years. In 198 0, federal and state governments spent $350 million in sex education. In 1992, that number has risen to 645 million dollars (Kasun, 2000). No numbers were available from 2004, but were estimated to have grown in cost. That is a lot of tax money being spent on such a controversial topic. A large problem is there is no time in school for sex education. With Math and English classes taking importance over most subjects in a college and career based school system there is no room for sex education. The last problem is where to get professionals to teach sex education classes.This will cost tax payers even more money to hire a professional or to train a authoritative teacher. The most important thing is to just educate kids about sex and teen pregnancy. Sex education, abstinence, and abortion are the ways to lower teen pregnancy rates. There are different strategies for dealing with teenage pregnancy such as sex education, abstinence, and abortion, but the most effective strategy involv es the careful use of birth controls. Some of these are very expensive ventures, but teenage pregnancies have cost our society billions of dollars in thelast thirty years. Divorce, single parent families, teen suicide, sexually transmitted diseases, juvenile crime, child abuse, and abortion, have all at least doubled from thirty years ago (Collison, 2001). Knowledge is effect and the awareness that different options are available gives power to teens to make the right purposes.BibliographyCollison, Joseph. (2001). The Legalization of abortion had influenced teen attitudes toward sex. Flam, Faye. (2010, February 22). Study offers nuanced view of abstinence education. Finger, James. (2002). Teenage pregnancy is a serious problem Vol I. (Adobe digital Edition Version). Kasun, Jacqueline. (2000). Sex education promotes teen pregnancy. Manlove, Jennifer Suzanne, Ryan Kerry, Franzetta. (2007). Contraceptive use patterns across teens sexual relationships the role of relationship, partne rs, and sexual histories. pp. 603-621. (Adobe Digital Edition Version), Doi Demography 44. Roleff, Mark. (n.d.). Sex education can prevent teenage pregnancy. Stacey, Dawn. (2009). Teen birth control- Teen pregnancy prevention and contraception decision making. 2 Teenage pregnancy, birth control and abortion.(Fact Sheet). (2002), SIECUS Report 30.0. 39+ Academic One File. 22. Theresa, H. (2001). Love to know pregnancy pp 34-36. (Adobe Digital Edication Version). What are the causes of teenage pregnancy? (2009, March 12).

Applying Risk Management Strategies Essay Example for Free

Applying Risk Management Strategies EssayIn this PE assessment, we learned to apply risk management strategies to open-air(prenominal) activities associated with the body of water/b distributively such as breathing spellling and swimming. Our class practiced snorkelling skills (ie. Clearing snorkels, equalising, dolphin kicking) in the school pool and at Picnic Bay/Mangawhai which was preparedness for snorkelling at Goat Island marine reserve. We analysed the possible risks and hazards that could occur during these activities and the factors that may ca social function them. As a class, we had to come up with strategies to pr change surfacet these risks and hazards to insure every(prenominal)bodys asylum. (Strategy 1)In any activity relating to water, the stupendousgest issue would be some oneness drowning or besotting lost out to sea due to strong currents which may lead to an even worse scenario such as death. So we decided that having pencil eraser buddies was a suit able strategy to apply to these risks. We had to pair up with a classmate and they would be your safety for whatever activity. We did non have designated safety buddies so we paired up with different people most of the time. A safety buddys job is to make sure your buddy was fine and dandy and nothing was wrong, insuring each others safety.If your buddy was in danger or in distress, it would be your job to aid him or notify a supervisor depending how severe the situation was. For example, my safety buddy was Joshua. I unluckily suffered a fibrous cramp in my calf when we were in the estuary (Picnic Bay). This situation could easily escalate to a more severe situation, but I was able to tell my safety buddy Joshua that I was in distress and he notified Ms Parkinson (supervisor) who told me to swim back ashore before carrying on any further into the strong currents.another(prenominal) example would be when we were at Goat island, when we were exploring the waters, only one of you ar e allowed to dive down under at a time while your safety buddy had to watch over you. This made sure we were supervised by someone at all times so we did not lose one another. If we were allowed to dive whenever we wished, we could easily lose sight of each other and split up. This strategy is relevant to these risks during snorkelling because it is suitable for any outdoor activity that involves a sort or class that lack a number of parent or teacher supervisors, since 1 or 2 upervisors cannot always keep an eye of every single student. So relying on classmates was go and efficient alternative. I think this has a positive effect on us students because our safety lies in the transfer of our classmates, so it requires us to be more responsible and cooperative, hence it aspires us to be a more responsible, sensible and mature person working(a) better with others. In my opinion, we shouldve been entitled/assigned to a buddy so that the person you were paired up with would be your b uddy at all times.This could potentially save up a bit more time before starting activities where as we would have to choose anyone before each activity. Also this could improve our social kills, working better with others and having a chance to get along with everyone. (Strategy 2) Throughout these activities we used equipment such as snorkel masks, flippers and wetsuits. Knowingly, the gear that we used required certain like to prevent any damage to them. if the equipment was damaged in any way then wed have to replace or pay for the damages inflicted to the gear. specially when we were at Goat Island, where we hire the gear.All of them needed to fit properly or else they could pose multiple issues to us. We withal used suitable gear to cherish us from several risks we would encounter in the water. Risks such as get sunburnt, and also our hair was an issue as it would get in the way and get caught in your mask. So the risk management strategies we used were looking after th e gear, providing adequate care, and make sure the equipment was a suitable for you. For example, when we were snorkelling in the water, if the masks were overly bounteous and did not seal tightly, water would seep through into the mask which may become an irritation when in the water.Your flippers needed to fit properly and feel comfortable. If they were too tight they would eventually begin to hurt your feet and if they were too loose they would fall off. For me, if the flippers did not fit comfortably, it made me more vulnerable to foot or branching cramps, which could possibly advance to a more dangerous situation. At Goat island we hired wetsuits, which provided sun protecting when we were in the water since the sunscreen wouldve been washed off. We were also provided with head caps which help keep out hair in place and prevent foreign organism from getting in there. e were advised not to sit on the rocks , as this would scratch holes onto the backside of the wetsuit. Having these risk management strategies for our equipment was relevant since the gear we used at Goat Island were not our own and were hired locally, it meant extra caution and care would be needed when using their equipment. Not applying these strategies could create potential risks which could jeopardize our safety. These strategies allowed us to snorkel comfortably in the water without complication such as getting burnt or constantly adjusting your mask.Also when we were done with the gear, no damage was inflicted to any equipment. When we were practising snorkelling in-school. We should have had our own snorkel and flippers to use. Since a people were complaining about the sizing on the flippers and snorkels. OR each student shouldve chosen their flippers and snorkels at the very beginning of the assessment, and they would keep and use them throughout the whole standard. This could be a better alternative than students having to try on the gear and find out which one fits for them at the beginning of each period when snorkelling. Strategy 3) We identified that the weather was a risk as it can affect us in a lot of ways. Factors such as how strong and direction of winds, tides, currents and swells could affect our safety and determined how strong our snorkel experience will be. Checking the weather forecast prior to doing our activities/ termination on trips was a relevant strategy to this risk because it gave us a fair idea on what to expect, allowing us to prepare for what additional things wed have to bring or if we decide whether or not to postpone the trip.We would have to check the weather ourselves the day before we wanted to do any activity. Ms Parkinson would check as well and show the class, for those who didnt check. When we were preparing to go to Mangawhai and Goat island we check the winds, tides, currents and swells together as a class and decide whether the conditions were suitable or not. At our graduation exercise Mangawhai trip, and also the Goat Island trip, the weather was expected to be good, sunny/ clear skies, so we brought sunscreen and a hat(if you wanted to) to protect us from the sun and getting sunburnt.On our second trip to Mangawhai , the weather wasnt as great, as there were strong winds, strong currents and big swells. This meant the visibility wasnt very good in the water, and the strong wind caused us to become very cold quickly, especially when we got out of the water. We brang warm clothing such as a sweater, atomic number 82 pants etc, to keep warm since getting hypothermia could have possibly been a risk. Some people (Bryn and William) brung their own wetsuits when we went to Mangawhai so that theyd stay warm in the water.This strategy helped us prepare and adapt to the weather so that none of us were really affected significantly. Next time, extra dates should be reserved when going on out of school trips such as Picnic bay (Mangawhai). Since the weather on one of the trips werent very good because of strong winds, currents and big swells, which limited our time in the water because of people, such as myself, became colder more quickly. Postponing to a reserved day where the weather was better(hopefully), would mean a better snorkelling experience, and would change magnitude the chances of people getting a cold or hypothermia.

Indian Child Workers And Poverty Sociology Essay

Indian Child Workers And Poverty Sociology EssayAs I chaffer my country- Pakistan, I see nestlingren on the streets begging, some selling f pocket-sizeders and newspapers to the people on the road. When I pass a car mechanic shop, I see boys as unripened as 5 years old covered in car grease fixing engines. While passing a street inhabitaurant, I see young boys pickings orders from customers. At the rubbish disposal site, I see young boys scavenging through waste to set about aliment sometimes, or scrap metal. As I visit my relatives back home, I see Elizabeth, a twelve year old work as a domestic servant in the ho utilization, mopping floors and killing bathrooms. Child workers be everywhere in Pakistan, the critics of this claim need to open their eyes and heart to feel the troubles of their little privileged broncobuster countrymen. The factors contri preciselying to kid take are interconnected however it is mainly due to poverty and lack of commandment, that barbari anren are coerced into the confinement force.In the Human Development Report, conducted under the coupled Nations Development Program, the human development index was peckerd to compare Pakistan to other countries in the world. According to the Human Development report (2009), The HDI provides a composite measure of three dimensions of human development living a long and healthy life (measured by life expectancy), being educated (measured by adult literacy and flagrant enrolment in education) and having a decent standard of living (measured by purchasing power parity, PPP, income). The index is non in any sense a comprehensive measure of human development. It does non, for example, include important indicators such as gender or income inequality nor more difficult to measure concepts like view for human righteousnesss and political freedoms. What it does provide is a broadened prism for viewing human progress and the complex relationship between income and well-being. In 20 07, among the 182 countries examined, Pakistan was the 141th regards to the HDI value. This clearly indicates the grave stinting situation of Pakistan. According to the CIA World Fact book (2010), Pakistan has a GDP per capita of $2,600 and it is ranked 171 compared to other countries. With poverty rates as high as 24% and unemployment rate 15.2%, marked as 153 compared to the world, it is obvious that Pakistan is going through an economic downturn. According to Unicef (2009), Food and economic crises have increased food insecurity. Prices of essential food items rose over 35 per cent in 2007-08, compared to an 18 per cent increase in labour wages, the ongoing struggle to make ends meet is fracture the back of the poor. With a nation of 175 million people, Pakistan is ranked 6th around the world in terms of population. 36% of the population of Pakistan lives in cities, the rest of the 64% lives in the country-bred parts of the country. Chaudhry, Malik and Hassan (2009) have exami ned that Punjab, wizard of the four provinces of Pakistan constitutes 56% of the countrys population and a 36% of Punjabs population is accounted being poor. Poverty is one of the main contributing factors of child lug in Pakistan, with almost a quarter of the nations population struggling to make ends meet, the children of poverty stricken families are go away field to no resort, but to mend their lives by helping their families in earning a living. ADB (2010) considers poverty the main source of child labor in Pakistan. According to Unicef (2009), it is come closed that Pakistan has nearly 3.3 million children aged under 14, working as child laborers. However, according to the United States Bureau of International moil affairs (2010), it is stated that the rough estimate of child laborers in Pakistan could be from 2 million to a staggering 19 million. This could be due to the inability to address the issue of child labor and not performing surveys to determine up to date sta tistics. Ahmed (July 13, 2008) cites this issue by commenting that the latest survey on child laborers was conducted 14 years ago and the population has increased by 30 million since then. Child laborers have their childhood stolen away from them forced to work for long hours, these children dont have time to play or study as other privileged children of Pakistan. The United States Bureau of International Labor affairs (2010) cites the state of child laborers working in carpet industries which brandish on the nimble hands of these children, The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan states that work units in rural areas have more child labor than urban areas. In these crossroads units, the children are mostly girls, some only six or seven years old boys are barely eight. Working conditions are poor, lighting and respiration inadequate, hygienic conditions substandard, and the work area hot and humid. Workers complain of coughs and sickness. The workers usually work 10-hour days, wi th no holidays and are paid on a piece-rate basis. Child workers pay is as low as 10 rupees (approximately 37 cents) per day teenagers, however, earned 20-30 rupees (74 cents to $1.13) per day, and can even get 50 to 75 rupees ($1.87 to $2.81) per day for superior quality carpets. With a meager amount of wages and the vulnerability of getting sick, these child laborers engrosss fall on deaf ears. Frequently abused and punished by their employers over diminished mistakes or delays in handling the work, these poor childrens miseries are never ending Child weavers suffer work-related injuries and illnesses, such as injuries due to sharp instruments, respiratory pamphlet infections, and body aches. They also remain uneducated, 42 percent never having attended initiate and 58 percent having dropped out (ILAB, 2010). One of the old and the harshest realities of bonded child labor is that the child laborer is indebted to its master till the slavery debt is repaid. Although bonded chil d labor is prohibited by the Pakistani law, but people find loopholes to find their way out. According to ILAB (2010), Bonded labor has long been a feature in brick kilns, carpet industries, agriculture, fisheries, stone/brick crushing, shoe-making, power looms, and refuse sorting. The Bonded Labor Liberation Front estimates that eight million children are bonded in Pakistan. Half a million are allegedly bonded in the carpet industry alone. Silvers (1996) writes that the hypocritical masters of the bonded child laborers use exploitive methods to employ these children, it is compliance, long productivity hours and inexpensiveness that make theses children a lucrative deal. A documentary by SPARC, a NGO working to raise the plight of child laborers shows Hyderabad, a city famous for its glass bangles. However, little is known that these bangles are made in factories that employ children. These child laborers work up to 16 hours a day for less than a dollar, in front of the scorching h eat of the furnaces. Consequently, they develop diseases such as asthma, Bronchitis and TB. In another scene, Javaid- a pack rat ploughs through rubbish to pick anything he finds valuable enough to sell and earn a living off he says his parents find it difficult to back off the big family, thats why he feels an obligation to help out with the earnings (SPARC, 2008). Silvers (1996), writes that children in rural parts of Pakistan are indoctrinated to work to help the family. The mindset of bondage is embedded in to the young minds at a very early age, thus these children dont find it wrong, but rather search up to it, unaware of what lies forrard of them. A twelve year old girl named Irfana worked under bondage before being set free she reported that her master would treat them like livestock. Girls were often raped and the boys were severely beaten. Bonded labor is usually owned by feudal land owners and in Pakistan most of these feudal landowners are working in the government o r have a very strong backing. Bokhari (July 24, 1996) states, If bonded labor has a long history, it also has strong political backing in Pakistan. many a(prenominal) critics claim that almost two-thirds of the members of the federal parliament in Islamabad and the four provincial legislatures are landowners who would resist any plans that are seen as hostile toward their fellow landowners. Most of the members of parliament in the Sindh provincial assembly belong to the Zamindar landowners class and it is in their interest not to raise their voices against the bonded labor, says Ali Hasan, a journalist . Poverty is one of the factors that showtime from illiteracy. Unicef (2009) states that HYPERLINK javascriptvoid(0)PakistanHYPERLINK javascriptvoid(0)HYPERLINK javascriptvoid(0)s per capita expenditure on health is only US$18, of which US$4 is public expenditure, compared to the recommended US$45. Less than 2.5 per cent of GDP is spent on education, compared to HYPERLINK javascript void(0)the recommended 2.8 to 3.6 per cent. According to the Unicef , from the year 1998 to 2007, only 1% of the central government expenditure was allocated to health, 2% to education and 16% to defense (2009). Poor access to quality education in the weak primary education system contributes to child labor. Primary education has been made compulsory in Provinces like Punjab, Sindh and NWFP, little is done to use the law. Either there are not proper facilities to accommodate children or lack of teachers in some areas. The most affected by this dilemma are the inhabitants of the rural parts of the country primary school gross enrollment is 71%, with a large dropout rate (Unicef, 2009). According to Levi (1971), poverty has frequently been cited as a cause of primary school dropouts both because poor families can- not afford school fees or other expenses and because it is necessary for children to work to help actualize the family. The extent of the traditional agricultural sector m ay better reflect the need for child labor than does GNP per capita. Countries which have a greater separate of their population in the subsistence sector may have both lower incomes and a greater need for child labor. This proves the mindset of the parents who take their children out of schools or who dont send them to school at all. The main reason behind it being, that they cannot afford to run large family expenses on their own. High birth rate is considered an asset for the families, who look forward for the child to grow up and help out with family expenditures. In a survey conducted on Punjab, a total 3,708 questionnaires were filled in 309 households. Literacy of the household, immaterial of the degree of literacy has a negative effect on child labor in the family (Siddiqi, 2009). In another analysis from the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey, conducted under the business deal of the World Bank in 1991, as a part of Living Standards Measurement Survey 4,800 households were covered in 300 communities, divided between rural and urban localities. It was found that the cost of primary reading is Rs 126 a year for a child who doesnt work and Rs 165 for a child who works. Lower school attendance was accounted for high transportation costs. In comparison to working and non-working children, the factors contributing to child labor were found to be lack of education among adults, less landownership and low per capita expenditure. It was also found that greater the distance of a community from other populated areas, the higher the chances of child labor. Among the samples, 61% had attended schools. From the total number of boys sampled, 81% has attended school at some stage and out of the girls proportion sampled, on 39% had ever attended school. In the final analysis, the primary schooling cost was directly proportional to the probability of the child working and indirectly proportional to school attendance. Education and child labor are interconnected, The International Labor Organization considers improvement in access to schools and school quality to be the most effective way of reducing child labor in less developed countries (Hazarika and Bedi, 2003)The Employment of Children Act of 1991 prohibits the use of child labor in hazardous works and environments. The Bonded Labor Act of 1992 abolished bondage labor and any bonded labor before the law was ordered to be set free. According to ILAB (2010), In Pakistan, a child is defined as a person younger than fifteen. The sub judice minimum age for employment is 14 for shops and commerce, industry, and work at sea, and 15 for mines and on railways. Though the laws are present, the enforcement has not been adequate enough to tackle the problem. Enforcement of child labor laws in Pakistan is hampered by the lack of manpower and expertise in the Department of Labor and a general acceptance of child labor, according to professor Omar Noman (Ibid). The plights of the child workers usual ly go unheard, Tariq, a Bondage Labor Liberation Front worker inspected a carpet factory where bonded child laborers as young as eight and nine year olds work. The findings were then reported to the Police sergeant in charge, Tariq told him about the conditions in the workshop, about the children. The sergeant was perplexed. Is this a shame? he asked. No one has ever complained before. What do you want us to do about it? Tariq suggested sending officers to investigate, along with a medical-services crew for the children. The sergeant left to consult his superior. Two minutes later he returned with the superintendent, a gracious, mustachioed man of fifty. We are not unsympathetic to your complaint, the superintendent informed Tariq. But the adorn you describe is registered as a home enterprise. It is run by a small landowner, and the workers are his immediate family. Family businesses are exempt from the labor laws. This enterprise is not illegal. The superintendent opened a binder and showed Tariq the workshops registration certificate. Tariq attempted to correct him, but the superintendent said, What you say may or may not be true. Unfortunately, our jurisdiction does not include child labor. I have no authority to investigate a private workplace. I have no secernate that the children are working there against their will or that their lives are in jeopardy. The mechanism for doing what you ask simply does not exist here. (Silvers, 1996) Police, with bureaucrats are involved in corruption and turn a blind eye on the child labor issue in Pakistan. Although the laws are present against it as the government lauds, but very little action is taken to enforce it. The lack of acknowledgment from the government and people is the result of the situation regarding child labor in the country. some(prenominal) economists argue that the third world nations benefit from sweatshop jobs, by offering worlds poor release from malnourishment and destitution. Low wage factorie s that employ children to make clothes and tog for foreign market are a first step towards prosperity in developing countries. However, these sweatshop workers are paid low wages for long working hours. They dont have any labor rights or unions to discuss their rights. Often child workers are abused so to force them to work for long hours. Prosperity is not measured by the low earnings from these sweat shops, it is by educating the child. Although, the child laborer brings little money back home, however, the child is deprived off its right of education and the right of living a normal childhood. It is the responsibility of the government to ensure that all children get basic education and their human rights should not be violated. Bringing prosperity to a developing country is by uprooting corruption, which lets child laborers take this step to trade their childhood and innocence with the burdensome labor for lowly wages.Due to a combination of factors, such as ignorance from the parents of not educating their children, selling them as bonded labor, poverty, corruption of the government and the employers. Child labor is detrimental to the society of Pakistan. It robs the child off its right of education and hence getting higher paying jobs. Child labor is a temporary solution to poverty and not the eventual(prenominal) solution.

The Violence Against Women Criminology Essay

The Violence Against Women Criminology EssayGillespies, Richards, Givens and Smith sought out to uncover if the media, with its strong presence in influencing ones perception on certain social concerns, restrict stories of femicide within the context of domesticated violence because minimal research has been carried out to examine femicide within the instalwork of violence against women. These four theorize their research in a deductive fashion they to a lower placestood the authority that the news media worked and that this same media can choose to structure domestic violence in a way that could provide evidence to show the important ramifications on manipulating societys perception on domestic violence, as well as, solutions and public responsibility.From 226 cases, they match up to 113 newspaper articles that delimitate murder as domestic violence contrasted with the other 113 cases that had no exposure defining the femicide as domestic violence by applied research. This s tudy was intend to expand our aw atomic number 18ness concerning the medias depiction of femicide and the medias strong grip on the conception of violence against women as a social dilemma.The level at which the researchers collected randomness was on the micro level. Women were the case in this research study they were the victims of violence. Also the news reports on women as victims in domestic violence cases were measured. The population of interest was media frames from north Carolina spanning a six year period assessing 113 cases that classified the femicide as domestic violence to 113 cases that did not. This try out is not seen to be re devoteative of the population. The researchers only contrasted media frames in North Carolina, no other states. The rate or likelihood of domestic violence differs upon the region, victims age, income and if it is reported. Based on that this research study has only been conducted from inside the walls of North Carolina, it cannot be ful ly representative of the population and the other 49 states.The researchers used purposive sampling and simple random while conducting their study. The purposive sampling is the 113 cases that able the specific criteria of those cases of femicide from North Carolina spanning a six-year period that contained at least one news article defining the femicide as domestic violence. The other 113 cases that were contrasted were selected at random. The sampling ensured diversity. The state was chose purposively and the cases were chosen randomly. The de signaling of this experiment comes from secondary analysis, the concern was for the behavior arising among specific group of people, and this behavior is domestic violence against women.The participants stayed the same but the context change. The study purposely examines the use of frames in media reporting of femicide stories. the media routinely utilize neighbors who may not know the victim and/or perpetrator particularly well, quite th an close friends or family members, as sources in instances of domestic violence. The new research question by Gillespies, Richards, Givens and Smith was based on prior research of the original of femicide in the news and its use of frames used in media coverage making the info quantitative.There are five media frames specifically associated with domestic violence, which include (1) focal point on the behavior of the victim, including blaming the victim or excusing the perpetrator (2) normalizing the event as commonplace (3) suggesting the incident was an dislocated event (4) indicating the victim and/or perpetrator are somehow different from the norm and (5) asserting that domestic violence perpetrators are disordered and should be easily identifiable.The researchers examined the validity of these existing by examining the components of additional media frames-the sources used, lyric poem and intelligence information choice, and the context of the incident-in a sample of Nort h Carolina newspaper stories. This research study used the time dimension of trend logical study for articles that present the femicide as domestic violence and those that do not. The researchers used reports, within a six year time span, from newspapers to carry out their study 2002-2007.The basic sign of this study meets the three criteria for establishing causality. The negative correlations of the study are four things the more the media chooses to do these four things the more the issue allow be swept under the rug. Most news sources underutilize those with an educated opinion and informed background in the hassle of domestic violence, and then journalists habitually shun victim advocates and academics for trepidation of bias. Journalists word choice or speech also manipulates the framing of domestic violence Word assortment in both the title/headline and all through an article can potentially sway the general publics understanding of an incident and the partakers involved. A s is often the case with intimate violent behavior, the relationship amid victim and offender is highly multifaceted and turbulent.The number one issue connected with intimate partner homicide is previous accounts of domestic violence. Sorry to say, all too often information pertaining to a couples history is either gone astray or downgraded to the end of an article. For temporal order the change media has to structure domestic violence in a way that will provide evidence to show the important corollary of societys perception on domestic violence, and solutions to fix this problem also to note that this is not private but the publics responsibility because in many cases the media fail to notice the occasion to use their power to portray femicide as an issue worthy of public outrage and intensified policy development.Gillespies, Richards, Givens and Smith eliminated other rival hypothesis the findings may be influenced by the social climate and level of activism in the state from which the data were derived. The North Carolina Coalition Against Domestic Violence (NCCADV) may create higher levels of awareness in North Carolina than domestic violence groups in other states by reaching out to local media outlets and law enforcement agencies. The interpretations presented here cannot be wholly free from potential researcher bias. However, to minimize that potential one specific panic to internal validity was selection bias because the study relied heavily on previous research to guide coding and ensuing interpretations of the results.The concepts in the study were femicide, frame analysis and mass media. The index used 7 composed frames were identified while only 4had been identified in previous research. (1) A commonplace frame, (2) an isolated incident frame, (3) a frame that blames the criminal justice system, and (4) a victim blaming frame. (5) a frame blaming perpetrator loss of control or moral breakdown, and (6) a frame that minimized the femicide by fo cusing on a crisis in the lives of the victim/perpetrator(7) a domestic violence as a broader social problem frame.The results of the study are externally valid if there is more awarnees to domestic violence and it is brought to the light then e that research in this area will continue to encourage meaningful partnerships between researchers, advocates, and the media and that best case practices for reporting on violence against women will be developed and disseminated on a study level. A specific threat to external validity is sample selectivity. First, it is essential to think about that the findings may be subjective by the social climate and level of activism in the state from which the data were derived. The North Carolina Coalition Against Domestic Violence (NCCADV) may create higher levels of awareness in North Carolina than domestic violence groups in other states by reaching out to local media outlets and law enforcement agencies. It is reasonable to suggest that the preva lence of DV defined articles framing the femicide within the context of a broader social problem (about 25% within DV defined articles and about 12% of the overall sample) may be influenced by the partnership that has developed between the NCCADV, law enforcement, and the media. Therefore, the findings reported here may not be generalizable to other states.

My Personal Philosophy of Education Essay -- Philosophy of Teaching St

Philosophy of Education Relating my reasons for becoming a teacher was not a very difficult task for me to accomplish this task I simply needed to reflect upon and describe approximately of my own personal experiences. I relied basicall(a)y upon my memories and thoughts about my own fosterageal experiences. However, describing my philosophy of education was much(prenominal)(prenominal) more difficult task for me to accomplish. First of all, before I could properly describe my philosophy, I realized I needed a working explanation of the concept of philosophy. My search for this working definition of the term philosophy led to further research which provided further insight into viewpoints of various well-known philosophers some of whom we discussed in class. Therefore, the purpose of my research became twofold, the first purpose was to obtain a working definition of the concept of philosophy. The second purpose was to become more familiar with some of the ideas of a few well known philosophers which would help me compare my own lines of thinking with some of their viewpoints and help me conceptualize my own philosophy of teaching. As I stated before, my reasons for becoming a teacher were easy to identify and describe. First of all, I have always very much enjoyed being around children of all ages and view teaching as the profession that impart allow me to do something I truly enjoy. Secondly, I also strongly feel that in club to successfully teach in any discipline, one must be interested in, and be proficient in, the content of the discipline. Therefore, I chose the field of physical education primarily because of my lifelong interest in physical activities of all kinds and also because of my personal successes in the sport o... ...h development of strategies that will allow students to overcome their weaknesses to the fullest close they can be. I feel that development of their strengths and strategies for overcoming their weaknesses will allow my students to develop self-knowledge and confidence in their own abilities, which in turn, will encourage them to make not bad(predicate) choices throughout their lives. I will strive to practice this above stated philosophy throughout my teaching career, and create risk reduced environments and also assignments such as this one. This assignment encouraged me to think deeper and connect with the thoughts of others and I always found that assignments that encourage deeper thought help me to develop further self-knowledge. Finally, I will always emphasize the importance of education and encourage its pursuit as a valuable lifelong mission for all.

Summary of Life of Pi by Yann Martel Essay -- essays research papers

The novel, Life of Pi, by Yann Martel, is about a young boy, Pi, and his survival on a lifeboat drifting in the Pacific Ocean. It is written in three sections, the second part, spanning from chapters 37 to 94, concerns the events on the lifeboat and what Pi experiences. This part contrasts part 1 as Pi is not alone, the only human, left to lie in his own thoughts and be self-sufficient. Whereas in part 1, Pi is living in India, surrounded by his family and friends, not alone in the slightest.To sustain bet in this middle section of the novel, Martel uses a variety of techniques. This is needed as the reader already knows that Pi survives the ordeal, as confirmed in section 1, because the journey in the Pacific must be fascinating to keep the readers interest. An example of this would be Pi?s decision to tame the tiger, Richard Parker, in which was pin down on the lifeboat with him. This occurred in chapter 57 of the novel. The task that Pi sets out to achieve creates suspense, a s there is the ever-present danger of the wild tiger.?The first training academic term was over. ...